Propolis is a natural resinous product collected from the buds of conifers and other trees by honey bees. It is used by bees to seal walls and strengthen combs of hives as well as to embalm dead invaders. It is a sticky, greenish-brown mass with a slight aromatic odor.
USAGE
Propolis exhibits anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and antioxidant activity.
Immunostimulatory action
Propolis exhibited immunostimulatory and modulatory effects on macrophages in vitro, and increased the ratio of CD4/CD8T cells in mice.
Antitumor activity
Antitumor activity of propolis and its chemical constituents has been demonstrated in various animal and in vitro models against Ehrlich carcinomas; colonic, intestinal, hepatocellular, lung, and skin cancer; and leukemia.
Antimicrobial action
In vitro studies have shown broad spectrum antimicrobial activity of various propolis extracts, although activity was highest in gram-positive bacteria and yeasts. Synergism with certain antibiotics has been demonstrated.
In clinical studies, propolis has been investigated for its activity against Helicobacter pylori , chronic vaginitis, genital herpes, and periodontal and respiratory tract infections. A clear therapeutic role for propolis is difficult to validate because of variations in antimicrobial action, which are dependent on geographical origin and extraction method employed.
Free radical scavenging(Anti-oxidant)
Extracts of propolis have been investigated for their antioxidant properties, with some studies suggesting that the aqueous extract is more effective than the ethanolic, but not consistently so. Phenolic constituents isolated from propolis show more potent free-radical scavenging activity than caffeic acid and vitamins C and E. The antioxidant activity of propolis is considered to be one of the rationales for its proposed antitumor and hepatoprotective activity.
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